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References and Links
References and Links has information on the map sources, bibliographic references and links to related Web sites.
List of References and Links:
Map Sources
The Atlas maps are composed of several layers of which there are two broad categories: thematic and base layers. Find below a description of each of the map layers. The layer source is included in the metadata.
Thematic Map Layers
- Plant Hardiness Zones
- The index of suitability for growth of trees, shrubs and flowers is calculated for all the areas in the country, using an equation that integrates climatic data from the 1930 to 1990 period. The climatic data used to calculate the index are the minimum winter temperatures, the length of the frost-free period, summer rainfall, summer maximum temperatures, snow cover, January rainfall and the maximum wind speed. Elevation data were also taken into account because of its direct effect on temperature and precipitation. Data are derived from a 2 kilometre by 2 kilometre grid.
McKenney, D.W., Hutchinson, M.F., Kesteven, J.L., Venier, L.A. 2001. Canada´s plant hardiness zones revisited using modern climate interpolation techniques. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 129-143.
Ouellet, C.E., and Sherk, L.C. 1967a. Woody ornamental plant zonation I. Indices of winter hardiness. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47: 231-238.
Ouellet, C.E., and Sherk, L.C. 1967b. Woody ornamental plant zonation II. Suitability indices of localities. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47: 339-349.
Ouellet, C.E., and Sherk, L.C. 1967c. Woody ornamental plant zonation III. Suitability map of the probable winter survival of ornamental trees and shrubs. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47: 351-358.
Base Map Layers
- Atlas of Canada Framework Layers
- Base map components are features that provide a geographic context for the thematic data shown on Atlas of Canada maps. These features include rivers, lakes, administrative boundaries, populated places, roads and rail lines. All of the Atlas of Canada base map components are available for immediate free download in five scales and in a number of data exchange formats. The 1:7 500 000 and the 1:1 000 000 scale data are the primary base frameworks used for all Atlas of Canada 6th Edition online maps. You can download Atlas of Canada data from this Web page on GeoGratis.
References
Canada. Natural Resources Canada. The State of Canada's Forests 2001-2002. Ottawa.
Hebert, P.D.N. 2000. Canada's Aquatic Environments. Habitats - Wetlands. Guelph, Ontario: University of Guelph.
McKenney, Dan and Kathy Campbell. 2002. Getting into the Zone - What does Canada's new plant hardiness zones map really means? Frontline, Forestry Research Applications, Technical notes no 103, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie. (Available in PDF only)
McKenney, Dan et al. 2002. Going Beyond the Zones - some next steps to knowing what can grow where in Canada. Frontline, Forestry Research Applications, Technical Note no 104. Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie. (Available in PDF only)
Web Sites
Federal Government
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Canadian Soil Information System. The National Soil DataBase. Plant Hardiness Zones in Canada
- The Plant Hardiness Zones map outlines the different zones in Canada where various types of trees, shrubs and flowers will most likely survive. It is based on the average climatic conditions of each area.
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Canadian Soil Information System. The National Soil DataBase. Soil Landscapes of Canada.
- The Canadian Land Resource Network has created a series of GIS coverages that show the major characteristics of soil and land for the whole country. Soil Landscapes of Canada were compiled at a scale of 1:1 million, and information is organized according to a uniform national set of soil and landscape criteria based on permanent natural attributes.
- Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency
- The Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency is an independent federal body, accountable to Parliament through the Minister of the Environment. The Agency works to provide Canadians with high-quality environmental assessments that contribute to informed decision making, in support of sustainable development.
- Environment Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service. Québec Region. Conservation Atlas of Wetlands in the St. Lawrence Valley.
- The main purpose of the Conservation Atlas of Wetlands is to develop a portrait of the wetlands of the St. Lawrence Valley using innovative mapping methods in order to favor bird conservation by helping land managers to make decisions about land use and bird habitat conservation.
- Environment Canada. State of the Environment Infobase
- The State of the Environment (SOE) Infobase was originally developed in 1996 as an interactive and convenient mechanism for presenting a number of environmental reporting products and tools, including The State of Canada’s Environment 1996 and Canada's National Environmental Indicators Series 2003.
- Environment Canada. State of the Environment Infobase. Ecozones of Canada
- This site introduces Canada's ecozones and the general concepts of ecological classification.
- Natural Resources Canada. Canada Centre for Remote Sensing. Research and Development. Applications. Forestry
- Incorporating satellite data, hyperspectral, and polarimetric data with GIS, scientists at CCRS are working collaboratively to monitor Canada's forests, including their health, biodiversity, growth and yield, rate of harvest and regeneration, fire management, blow-down, and the impact of insects and disease.
- Natural Resources Canada. Canadian Forest Service. Great Lakes Forestry Centre. Canada's Plant Hardiness Site
- Canada's plant hardiness map provides insights about what can grow where. It combines information about a variety of climatic conditions across the entire country to produce a single general map.
- Natural Resources Canada. Canadian Forest Service. Laurentian Forestry Centre. The ECOLEAP Project
- ECOLEAP is a multidisciplinary project which goal is to identify the effects of environmental factors (temperature, fertility, etc.) on physiological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, etc.) and to link those factors to forest productivity.
- Natural Resources Canada. Canadian Forest Service. Pacific Forestry Centre. Canada's Forests
- An Overview of Canada's Forests and Forest Industry.
- Natural Resources Canada. Canadian Forest Service. Pacific Forestry Centre. Canada's National Forest Inventory
- This site presents authoritative national statements on the distribution and structure of Canada's forests.
Provincial/Territorial Government
- Government of Manitoba. State of the Environment Report for Manitoba, 1997. The Prairie Ecozone : Focus on Sustainable Development
- Manitoba's prairie ecozone today is an ecosystem reconstructed by human activity. Fertile soils that once sustained vast, mixed grassland and tall-grass prairie now support a three-billion-dollar agriculture industry, one of Manitoba's most vital economic sectors.
Other
- Canadian Wildlife Federation
- CWF is dedicated to fostering awareness and appreciation of our natural world.
- University of Guelph. Canada's Aquatic Environments. Wetlands
- Canada's Aquatic Environments was produced by the CyberNatural Software Group at the University of Guelph.
International Government
- The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
- The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.
Inter-agency
- Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. National Forestry Database Program. Compendium of Canadian Forestry Statistics
- The Compendium of Canadian Forestry Statistics is a selection of statistical data from the National Forestry Database (NFD) published annually. It presents detailed data for the period between 1990 and 2001 as well as key historical data gathered previously from other surveys.
