Historical Indian Treaties

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Historical Indian Treaties Time Line

In Canada, Aboriginal Peoples and various Pre-Confederation and Post-Confederation governments have concluded 68 major treaties. These treaties cover most of Ontario, the Prairie Provinces; and parts of Vancouver Island, Northwest Territories, and Atlantic Canada. In Quebec, there were Treaties of Peace and Friendship; however, these treaties were usually not written down, and are therefore not included.

The Historical Indian Treaties Time Line shows in chronological order a selection of the major treaties, from the first Peace and Friendship Treaty in 1725 to the 1930 Adhesions to Treaty 9. For each date listed on the time line, a new map will appear showing the approximate geographical area of the treaty, along with a short description.

In addition, various map layers from the Atlas are used to show the location of Aboriginal and European populations. These maps include Aboriginal Peoples circa 1740 & 1823, New France, British North America, and Canada 1867 to 1999.

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Peace and Friendship Treaties

• 1725 December 15
• 1749 August 15
• 1752 November 22
• 1760 February 10
• 1760 March 10 & 1761 June 25
• 1764 August
• 1779 September 22

Upper Canada Treaties

• 1781 May 9
• Indian Officers' Land - 1783
• The Crawford Purchases - 1783 October 9
• St. Regis and Oswegatchie - 1784 April
• Between the Lakes Purchase - 1784 May 22
• The McKee Purchase - 1790 May 19
• Between the Lakes Purchase - 1792 December 7
• Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase - 1796 August 30 & London Township Purchase - September 7
• Land for Joseph Brant - 1797 August 21
• Penetanguishene Harbour - 1798 May 22
• St. Joseph Island - 1798 June 30
• Toronto Purchase - 1805 August
• Head-of-the-Lake-Purchase - 1806 September 5
• Lake Simcoe Land - 1815 November 18
• Lake-Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase - 1818 October 17
• Ajetance Purchase - 1818 October 28
• Rice Lake Purchase - 1818 December 5
• The Rideau Purchase - 1819 March 9
• Long Woods Purchase - 1822 November 28
• Huron Tract Purchase - 1827 July 10
• Saugeen - 1836 August 9
• Manitoulin - 1836 August 9

Province of Canada Treaties

• Robinson - Superior Treaty - 1850 September 7
• Robinson - Huron Treaty - 1850 September 9
• Robinson - Huron Treaty - 1854 October 13
• Manitoulin Island Treaty - 1862 October 6

Numbered Treaties

• Treaty 1 - 1871 August
• Treaty 2 - 1871 August
• Treaty 3 - 1873 October
• Treaty 4 - 1874 September
• Treaty 5 - 1875 September
• Treaty 6 - 1876 August-September
• Treaty 7 - 1877 September
• Treaty 6, Adhesions - 1889 February
• Treaty 8 - 1899 June
• Treaty 9 - 1905 July
• Treaty 10 - 1906 August
• Treaty 5, Adhesions - 1908 to 1910
• Treaty 11 - 1921 June
• Treaty 9, Adhesions - 1929 to 1930

Williams Treaties

• Williams Treaties - 1923 October/November

Time Line Legend and Notes

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Figure 1. The base map used to derive each of the smaller treaty maps

Mapping Notes

All maps shown in the time line, which are generalized, are derived from several online 6th Edition Atlas of Canada maps. Selected layers are used from Aboriginal Peoples circa 1740, Aboriginal Peoples circa 1823, New France circa 1740, British North America circa 1823 and Territorial Evolution. Political division boundaries and names shown are those in effect at the date of each map.

These layers are combined with layers from the online Historical Indian Treaties map to convey in small vignettes, ordered chronologically, information on a selection of the major treaties from the first Peace and Friendship Treaty in 1725 to the 1930 Adhesions to Treaty 9. Information on the Vancouver Island Treaties is not included in the time line.

All Indian treaty boundaries are approximate, as are the location of Aboriginal groups. The locations of Aboriginal groups, classified by major language family, are derived from the maps Aboriginal Peoples circa 1740 and 1823. As much as possible, the names of the important Aboriginal groups, which were involved in the actual treaty-making are shown. The names of these groups may not be the names by which these groups referred to themselves. For further information please refer to maps on Aboriginal Peoples in Canada circa 1630, 1740 and 1823.